Explain how can a budget officer at the state level prepare for the effects of tax expenditures?

Please answer each quesitons individually because I too add my own work to this to make part of a complete and bigger work.
thanks. Also see questions in attachment.
Qusestion 1
Federal government budget is heavily dependent on taxes. With this being stated, how can a budget officer at the state level prepare for the effects of tax expenditures?
Speaking of tax expenditures and government spending as it relate to question , how could the Trump administration make taxes more effective for all classes of people without causing the government to always be in a dilemma of efficiency and effectiveness?

For question 2

The professor stated: when you identified \”the federal government should undertake responsibilities over the problems that have their roots in the whole country and the partial solution will lead only to further excesses,\” does this give the government too much involvement causing the check and balances to become problematic which hurts the government\’s effectiveness?
Think about it as this: The Federal government is the CEO and overseas everything going on in the company, the states are the regional managers for the store and the local government is the store manager for each individual store. Everyone is under one giant umbrella but the duties and purposes are broken apart by each level all with a similar goal in mind. How do these roles help with the checks and balances process?
Speaking of check and balances:
Is it possible for the federal government to self-actualize or has political divisions skewed government accountability to the point that it has caused a division in the classes leading to certain classes of people to never ever accomplish the basic needs? If yes, does this lead to why we see a lack of balance in the role of making government efficient because its first need is to fulfill the role of capitalism without taking into consideration the basic needs of human life which has led to what we see in society better known as the haves and have nots?

also in attachment format.

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