I.
PLEASE ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS BELOW (1-10). There is also a bonus question.
FOR EVERY QUESTION, MORE THAN ONE ANSWER MAY BE CORRECT.
2T = Lockes Second Treatise on Government
DI = Rousseaus Discourse on the Origins of Inequality
SC = Rousseaus Social Contract
1. Lockes concern about defending property on the basis of the primacy of self-preservation in the Essays on the Law of Nature are absent in 2T because
A. he has dropped the theological framework of the Essays in 2T n favour of natural reason
B. there is a new theory of labour in 2T that avoids the problem he saw in the Essays
C. he has dropped the concept of the Law of Nature in 2T
2. Lockes account of political obligation in 2T is grounded in
A. the need to avoid a Hobbesian war of all against all
B. ends that individuals value and can only be secured by the state
C. norms that are embedded in nature and accessible to observation and reason.
3. Ryan (1996) argues against MacPherson that Lockes state is a joint-stock company, because
A. the standard of living is raised for everyone when the state secures property rights
B. everyone has some material property to be protected by the state
C. everyone is a shareholder who holds the same shares as other citizens
D. Lockes concept of property is wide enough to include the entire population
4. Lockes account of the social contract in 2T is contradictory because it depends on the transfer of natural rights that are inalienable.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
5. Lockes executive power of natural law (2T 7-13) entails that
A. everyone in the state of nature has the right to kill a murderer
B. in the state of nature, men will use their reason to judge appropriate punishments
C. in the state of nature, the law of nature on its own is insufficient
6. Like Hobbes, Rousseau contends in DI that
A. a legitimate form of rule must be grounded in a doctrine of Natural Law or Right
B. Natural Law must be suited to human nature
C. Natural Law can only be known through the use of reason
7. The Preface to DI tells us that
A. Understanding the origins of inequality requires self-knowledge
B. Self-knowledge is possible because of the progress of knowledge
C. Self-knowledge requires separating what is original from what is artificial in human beings
D. The state of nature has a purely critical-diagnostic function in DI
8. Which of the following characterise amour de soi:
A. The capacity to identify with the suffering of other sentient beings
B. A passion that is shared with animals
C. Sociability
D. A capacity for hatred and resentment
E. Living in the opinion of others
F. A passion that presupposes and is directed by reason
9. In DI Rousseau criticises Hobbes for
A. reading the desire for self-preservation into the state of nature
B. mistaking amour de soi for amour propre
C. reading social passions into natural man
D. making natural man irrational
E. ignoring pitie
10. According to Riley, Rousseau criticised modern contract theory because
A. it relies on individual consent
B. it condones private interest
C. it neglects to ask what we ought to be obligated to
BONUS QUESTION
According to Rousseau (SC: Book I Ch V & VI),
A. The social contract presupposes the existence of a people
B. Any political act presupposes public deliberation
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